General Court; approved by the Governor July 20, 1950 (emergency law), St. 1950, c. 639 (the Civil Defense Act), ss. 1, 5, 7, 8, 8A (standing) (Ex. DUT-MA-012)
General Assembly of Ohio (Ohio Revised Code, Chapter 3701), Statute (effective October 1, 1953, H.B. 1, 100th G.A.) (standing) (Ex. DUT-OH-016)
Missouri General Assembly (Revised Statutes of Missouri, chapter 44), RSMo 44.130 (standing) (Ex. DUT-MO-006)
Michigan Legislature (Emergency Management Act, 1976 PA 390), MCL 30.405, Powers of governor upon declaration of state of disaster or emergency; willful disobedience a misdemeanor (standing) (Ex. DUT-MI-010)
Michigan Legislature (Emergency Management Act, 1976 PA 390), MCL 30.403, Responsibility of governor; executive orders having the force and effect of law; declaration of state of disaster or emergency (standing) (Ex. DUT-MI-011)
Michigan Legislature (Public Health Code, 1978 PA 368, Part 22, State Department of Public Health), MCL 333.2253(1), Epidemic; emergency order and procedures (standing) (Ex. DUT-MI-001)
General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Statute (Emergency Management Services Code, Title 35, Part V, Chapter 73, sec. 7301) (standing) (Ex. DUT-PA-003)
General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Statute (Emergency Management Services Code, Chapter 77, sec. 7707) (standing) (Ex. DUT-PA-004)
Council of the District of Columbia, D.C. Official Code sec. 7-2304 (standing) (Ex. DUT-DC-001)
New Hampshire General Court (codified statute administered by the Department of Health and Human Services), RSA chapter 141-C (full chapter) (standing) (Ex. DUT-NH-001)
Texas Legislature (Government Code ch. 418, Texas Disaster Act of 1975), Tex. Gov't Code § 418.012 (standing) (Ex. DUT-TX-010)
Louisiana Legislature (codified in the Louisiana Revised Statutes), La. R.S. 29:724 (powers of the governor; executive orders and proclamations have the force and effect of law; penalty for violation) (standing) (Ex. DUT-LA-006)
General Assembly of Ohio (Ohio Revised Code, Chapter 3709), Statute (version effective September 24, 1999, H.B. 58, 123rd G.A.) (standing) (Ex. DUT-OH-012)
New Hampshire General Court, RSA 4:45 (text in force March 2020 to June 24, 2021) (standing) (Ex. DUT-NH-007)
New Hampshire General Court, RSA 4:47 (standing) (Ex. DUT-NH-008)
New Hampshire General Court, RSA 21-P:45 (standing) (Ex. DUT-NH-009)
Council of the District of Columbia, D.C. Official Code sec. 7-2304.01 (standing) (Ex. DUT-DC-002)
Oklahoma Legislature (Oklahoma Emergency Management Act of 2003; enforced by the Oklahoma Department of Emergency Management and the Attorney General), 63 O.S. 683.23 (standing) (Ex. DUT-OK-007)
Connecticut General Assembly (Conn. Gen. Stat. chapter 368a, Department of Public Health), Conn. Gen. Stat. §§ 19a-131 to 19a-131i (public health emergency response authority: declaration, quarantine and isolation orders, enforcement, penalty), with §§ 19a-2a (Commissioner's powers) and 19a-36(a)(4) (Public Health Code penalty) (standing) (Ex. DUT-CT-001)
General Assembly of Ohio (Ohio Revised Code, Chapter 3701), Statute (version effective February 12, 2004, Am. Sub. H.B. 6, 125th G.A.) (standing) (Ex. DUT-OH-003)
General Assembly of Ohio (Ohio Revised Code, Chapter 3701), Statute (version effective February 12, 2004, Am. Sub. H.B. 6, 125th G.A.) (standing) (Ex. DUT-OH-006)
New Jersey Legislature (211th Legislature); approved by Acting Governor Richard J. Codey, P.L. 2005, c. 222 (Emergency Health Powers Act), as enacted; N.J.S.A. 26:13-1 to -31, including 26:13-3 (declaration; countermeasures), 26:13-8 (closure, evacuation, decontamination of facilities), 26:13-12 (measures to prevent transmission), 26:13-15 (isolation and quarantine; duty to obey), and section 31 amending R.S. 26:4-2 (standing) (Ex. DUT-NJ-001)
General Assembly of Ohio (Ohio Revised Code, Chapter 3709, Health Districts), Statute (version effective September 29, 2011, Am. Sub. H.B. 153, 129th G.A.) (standing) (Ex. DUT-OH-011)
General Assembly of Ohio (Ohio Revised Code, Chapter 3701), Statute (effective September 10, 2012, Am. Sub. H.B. 487, 129th G.A.) (standing) (Ex. DUT-OH-004)
General Assembly of Ohio (Ohio Revised Code, Title 37, Chapter 3701, Department of Health), Statute (version effective September 29, 2013, Am. Sub. H.B. 59, 130th G.A.; the version in force when every Director's Order in States/OH was issued) (standing) (Ex. DUT-OH-001)
Utah Legislature (Utah Code Title 53, Chapter 2a, Emergency Management Act, Part 2, Disaster Response and Recovery Act; version effective May 10, 2016), Utah Code section 53-2a-209 (standing) (Ex. DUT-UT-008)
Colorado General Assembly (OLLS, Colorado Revised Statutes 2018), C.R.S. § 24-33.5-704 (The governor and disaster emergencies - response - duties and limitations) (standing) (Ex. DUT-CO-006)
General Assembly of Ohio (Ohio Revised Code, Chapter 3701), Statute (version effective October 17, 2019, Am. Sub. H.B. 166, 133rd G.A.) (standing) (Ex. DUT-OH-005)
Florida Legislature (codified statute); administered by the State Health Officer and the Department of Health, Statute: Fla. Stat. § 381.00315 (2020) (standing) (Ex. DUT-FL-001)
Indiana General Assembly (Indiana Code 2020 edition), Ind. Code Title 10, Article 14 (2020 edition): section 10-14-3-34 (Offenses) as in force from the recodification of 2003 through April 14, 2021, with sections 10-14-3-11, -12 and -22 (standing) (Ex. DUT-IN-015)
New York State Legislature (Executive Law, article 2-B, State and Local Natural and Man-made Disaster Preparedness), N.Y. Executive Law § 29-a (suspension of other laws; directives) (standing) (Ex. DUT-NY-010)
Legislature of New Mexico (Public Health Emergency Response Act), NMSA 1978, Sections 12-10A-5 (Declaring a state of public health emergency) and 12-10A-6 (Special powers during a public health emergency) (standing) (Ex. DUT-NM-004)
Nevada Legislature; powers exercised by the Governor and the Division of Emergency Management, Nevada Revised Statutes chapter 414 (Emergency Management), NRS 414.010 to 414.360 (standing) (Ex. DUT-NV-003)
Legislature of Alabama (Alabama Emergency Management Act of 1955), Ala. Code § 31-9-8(a)(1), (5), (6) (standing) (Ex. DUT-AL-012)
Missouri General Assembly (Revised Statutes of Missouri, chapter 44, Civil Defense / Emergency Management), RSMo 44.100 (standing) (Ex. DUT-MO-005)
Nebraska Legislature, Neb. Rev. Stat. § 81-829.40 (cross-reference to Ex. NE-100; not re-saved) (standing) (Ex. DUT-NE-008)
General Assembly of South Carolina, S.C. Code Ann. § 25-1-440 (standing) (Ex. DUT-SC-005)
General Assembly of South Carolina, S.C. Code Ann. §§ 1-3-420, 1-3-430, 1-3-440, 1-3-460 (Title 1, Chapter 3, Article 7) (standing) (Ex. DUT-SC-006)
Vermont General Assembly (Title 20, chapter 1, Emergency Management), 20 V.S.A. sec. 9 (Emergency powers of Governor) (standing) (Ex. DUT-VT-011)
Maine Legislature (22 M.R.S. chapter 250, Control of Notifiable Diseases and Conditions; administered by the Department of Health and Human Services through the Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention), 22 M.R.S. secs. 801-825: sec. 801(4-A) (extreme public health emergency) and 801(10) (public health threat); sec. 802 (authority of department; health emergency; emergency rules; Governor's declaration); sec. 803 (inspection); sec. 804 (enforcement by agents, local health officers, sheriffs and law enforcement; cease-and-desist; fines; injunction); sec. 805 (court orders); sec. 807 (control of communicable diseases; designated facilities); sec. 808 (investigations); sec. 810 (emergency temporary custody of person or property); secs. 811-812 (court-ordered public health measures); sec. 816 (compliance-conditioned immunity); sec. 820 (extreme public health emergency powers); secs. 821-822 (reporting); sec. 825 (penalties) (standing) (Ex. DUT-ME-001)
Maine Legislature (37-B M.R.S. chapter 13, Maine Emergency Management Agency; Governor's emergency powers), 37-B M.R.S. secs. 703 (definitions), 741(3)(H) (delegation), 742 (emergency proclamation; Governor's powers; sec. 742(1)(C)(2), (5), (8), (12), (13) and (1)(E)), 743 (termination), 786 (enforcement; Class E crime; arrest), 822 (compliance-conditioned immunity), 827 (aid in emergency; Class E crime), 829 (duty of agencies to execute and enforce orders), 834 (inconsistent laws suspended) (standing) (Ex. DUT-ME-004)
Oklahoma Legislature (Oklahoma Emergency Management Act of 2003), 63 O.S. 683.9 (text effective Nov. 1, 2009 to June 30, 2025) (standing) (Ex. DUT-OK-006)
Council of the District of Columbia (emergency act approved by Mayor Muriel Bowser), D.C. Act 23-247, COVID-19 Response Emergency Amendment Act of 2020, sec. 301(c) (Mar. 17, 2020) (Ex. DUT-DC-004)
Nebraska Legislature, Neb. Rev. Stat. § 71-502 (cross-reference to Ex. NE-099; not re-saved) (standing) (Ex. DUT-NE-002)
Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS); Commissioner John Hellerstedt, M.D, DSHS News Release, 'Texas Health Commissioner Declares Public Health Disaster' (March 19, 2020) (Mar. 19, 2020) (Ex. DUT-TX-008)
Commissioner of the Texas Department of State Health Services (John Hellerstedt, M.D.), Declaration of Public Health Disaster (March 19, 2020), renewed at 30-day intervals (Mar. 19, 2020) (Ex. DUT-TX-009)
Delaware General Assembly (codified statute; enacted by 73 Del. Laws, c. 355 (2002)), 20 Del. C. §§ 3131-3147 (Public Health Emergencies: definitions; isolation and quarantine; vaccination and treatment; rules and regulations; liability) (standing) (Ex. DUT-DE-003)
Legislature of the State of Hawaii (codified as Hawaii Revised Statutes chapter 127A, Emergency Management, Act 111, Session Laws of Hawaii 2014), Hawaii Revised Statutes chapter 127A (Emergency Management), in particular §§ 127A-9, 127A-12(b)(14), 127A-13(a)(1), 127A-25 and 127A-29 (standing) (Ex. DUT-HI-001)
Attorney General Alan Wilson, by Robert D. Cook, Solicitor General (expedited opinion to the Hon. Jeff Bradley, S.C. House of Representatives, District 123), Op. S.C. Att'y Gen. (Mar. 29, 2020) (to Rep. Jeff Bradley), on the extraordinary powers of the Governor during a state of emergency, with additional citations (Ex. DUT-SC-018)
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit (Duncan, J., joined by Elrod, J.; Dennis, J., dissenting), In re Abbott, No. 20-50264 (5th Cir. Apr. 7, 2020) (published), 954 F.3d 772 (Ex. DUT-TX-021)
Kim Malsam-Rysdon, Secretary of the South Dakota Department of Health, with the consent and authorization of Governor Kristi Noem, Order Declaring Public Health Emergency 2020-01 (Apr. 10, 2020) (Ex. DUT-SD-004)
Vermont General Assembly (Title 20, chapter 1), 20 V.S.A. sec. 20 (Immunities and defenses) (standing) (Ex. DUT-VT-013)
Attorney General Alan Wilson (opinion to the Hon. Josiah Magnuson, S.C. House of Representatives), Op. S.C. Att'y Gen. (Apr. 13, 2020) (to Rep. Josiah Magnuson), on the Governor's authority under § 25-1-440 and the fifteen-day limitation (Ex. DUT-SC-019)
Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter, State of Tennessee, Tenn. Att'y Gen. Op. No. 20-07 (Apr. 27, 2020) (Ex. DUT-TN-014)
Oklahoma Legislature (Senate Bill 300, 2d Sess., 57th Leg.), 63 O.S. 6406 (SB 300, 2020), COVID-19 Public Health Emergency Limited Liability Act (May 12, 2020) (Ex. DUT-OK-015)
State of Vermont, Attorney General T.J. Donovan (plaintiff); Rutland Superior Court (temporary restraining order); reported by VTDigger (Alan J. Keays), May 15, 2020, State of Vermont v. Club Fitness of Vermont, Inc. and Sean Manovill (Rutland Superior Court, Civil Division, filed May 15, 2020): complaint for preliminary injunction and civil penalties; temporary restraining order granted May 15, 2020 (Ex. DUT-VT-018)
Wyoming Legislature (Sixty-fifth Legislature, 2020 Special Session, May 15-16, 2020); sponsor Management Council; chapter assigned May 20, 2020, Senate File No. SF1002, 'Emergency powers-Covid-19-2', Senate Enrolled Act No. 2, 2020 Wyo. Sess. Laws (Special Session) ch. 2 (standing) (Ex. DUT-WY-010)
Oklahoma Legislature (Catastrophic Health Emergency Powers Act), 63 O.S. 6403 (standing) (Ex. DUT-OK-008)
Utah Legislature (Utah Code Title 53, Chapter 2a, Part 2; version effective June 25, 2020), Utah Code section 53-2a-204 (standing) (Ex. DUT-UT-009)
Florida Legislature (codified statute), Statute: Fla. Stat. § 252.47 (2020) (standing) (Ex. DUT-FL-007)
Florida Legislature (codified statute), Statute: Fla. Stat. § 252.50 (2020) (standing) (Ex. DUT-FL-008)
Judge Robert Mello, Rutland Superior Court, Civil Division (decision of September 2020); reported by VTDigger (Alan J. Keays), September 30, 2020, State v. Club Fitness of Vermont, Inc. / Manovill v. State of Vermont, Scott and Donovan (Rutland Super. Ct., Civ. Div.): decision granting the State's motion to dismiss the gym owner's constitutional and takings claims (19 pages, week of September 28, 2020) (Sept. 30, 2020) (Ex. DUT-VT-019)
Department of the Attorney General, Clare E. Connors, Attorney General, News Release 2020-92, Circuit Court Decision Upholds Lawfulness of Governor's Emergency Proclamations (Oct. 16, 2020) (Ex. DUT-HI-017)
Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts (Lenk, Gaziano, Lowy, Budd, Cypher, Kafker, JJ.; opinion by Budd, J.), Desrosiers v. Governor, 486 Mass. 369, SJC-12983 (argued Sept. 11, 2020; decided Dec. 10, 2020) (standing) (Ex. DUT-MA-020)
Iowa General Assembly, Iowa Code ch. 29C (2021), including § 29C.6 (Proclamation of disaster emergency by governor) and § 29C.18 (Enforcement duties) (standing) (Ex. DUT-IA-005)
Legislature of Mississippi (Mississippi Code of 1972, Title 33, ch. 15, Mississippi Emergency Management Law); Governor as the officer empowered, Miss. Code Ann. § 33-15-11(b)(5), (b)(6), (b)(17) and (c)(1) (legislative reprint of 2021) (standing) (Ex. DUT-MS-005)
Delaware General Assembly (codified statute), 20 Del. C. §§ 3115-3117 (General authority of the Governor; Powers; Activation of emergency or disaster response) (standing) (Ex. DUT-DE-001)
General Assembly of Arkansas (Acts 1895, No. 152; Acts 1913, No. 96, sec. 5), Ark. Code Ann. 20-7-110, Study and prevention of diseases (standing) (Ex. DUT-AR-001)
General Assembly of Arkansas (Acts 1973, No. 511, sec. 8; Arkansas Emergency Services Act of 1973), Ark. Code Ann. 12-75-114, Governor -- Disaster emergency responsibilities (standing) (Ex. DUT-AR-005)
130th Maine Legislature (L.D. 1, S.P. 29); became law without the Governor's signature, Public Law 2021, chapter 28 (L.D. 1), An Act To Establish the COVID-19 Patient Bill of Rights and To Amend the Governor's Emergency Powers, Part C, enacting 37-B M.R.S. sec. 742(1)(E) (standing) (Ex. DUT-ME-016)
Wyoming Legislature (Wyo. Stat. Title 35, ch. 4, art. 1), Wyo. Stat. Ann. 35-4-114 and 35-4-115 (standing) (Ex. DUT-WY-006)
Indiana General Assembly (Indiana Code 2021 edition), Ind. Code Title 10, Article 14, chapter 3: sections 10-14-3-11 (governor's orders), 10-14-3-12 (disaster emergency; gubernatorial powers), 10-14-3-22(b) (orders have the force of law), 10-14-3-34 (infraction, as amended by P.L.64-2021) (standing) (Ex. DUT-IN-002)
California Court of Appeal, Third Appellate District (Robie, J., with Hull and Mauro, JJ.), Published opinion: Newsom v. Superior Court (Gallagher), No. C093006 (Cal. Ct. App. May 5, 2021), 63 Cal.App.5th 1099 (standing) (Ex. DUT-CA-018)
Utah Legislature (Utah Code Title 53, Chapter 2a, Part 2), Utah Code section 53-2a-206 (standing) (Ex. DUT-UT-010)
Idaho Legislature (Idaho Code tit. 46, ch. 10, State Disaster Preparedness Act), Idaho Code section 46-1008 (text as in force March 2020 through May 9, 2021) (standing) (Ex. DUT-ID-008)
Idaho Legislature (Idaho Code tit. 46, ch. 6), Idaho Code section 46-601 (text as in force March 2020 through May 9, 2021) (standing) (Ex. DUT-ID-009)
Idaho Legislature, Sixty-sixth Legislature, First Regular Session (H0393, 2021 ch. 355; H0392, 2021 ch. 356; H0391, 2021 ch. 357; all effective May 10, 2021), Idaho Code section 46-1008 as amended by House Bills 391, 392 and 393 (2021) (text as in force from May 10, 2021, captured July 27, 2021) (standing) (Ex. DUT-ID-010)
Idaho Legislature, Sixty-sixth Legislature, First Regular Session; signed by Governor Brad Little May 10, 2021, Senate Bill 1217 (2021 Idaho Sess. Laws ch. 359), repealing and re-enacting Idaho Code section 46-601 (standing) (Ex. DUT-ID-019)
Illinois Appellate Court, Third District (majority; Presiding Justice McDade specially concurring), JL Properties Group B, LLC v. Pritzker, 2021 IL App (3d) 200305 (May 21, 2021) (Ex. DUT-IL-011)
Governor Charles D. Baker, Governor's Declaration Pursuant to General Laws Chapter 17, Section 2A (May 28, 2021) (library exhibit MA-049; cross-reference, not re-saved) (Ex. DUT-MA-028)
Governor Charles D. Baker, COVID-19 Order No. 69 (May 28, 2021) (library exhibit MA-048; cross-reference, not re-saved) (Ex. DUT-MA-027)
General Assembly of Ohio (Sub. S.B. 22, 134th G.A., passed notwithstanding the Governor's veto March 24, 2021), Statute (version effective June 23, 2021, Sub. S.B. 22, 134th G.A.) (standing) (Ex. DUT-OH-002)
Florida Legislature (codified statute); exercised by counties and municipalities, Statute: Fla. Stat. § 252.38 (2020) (standing) (Ex. DUT-FL-004)
Florida Legislature (codified statute); exercised by the Governor, Statute: Fla. Stat. § 252.36 (2020) (standing) (Ex. DUT-FL-005)
Florida Legislature (codified statute), Statute: Fla. Stat. § 252.46 (2020) (standing) (Ex. DUT-FL-006)
Rhode Island General Assembly (powers vested in the Governor; duties imposed on State health authorities and local code enforcement officials), R.I. Gen. Laws § 30-15-9 (standing) (Ex. DUT-RI-008)
Michigan Legislature (Emergency Powers of the Governor Act, 1945 PA 302; repealed by initiated law, 2021 PA 77), MCL 10.31 to 10.33 (Emergency Powers of the Governor Act), compiled-laws entry showing repeal by 2021 PA 77 effective March 30, 2022, with compiler's notes (July 21, 2021) (Ex. DUT-MI-012)
Arizona Legislature (Arizona Revised Statutes, title 36, ch. 6, art. 9), Statute (standing) (Ex. DUT-AZ-001)
Superior Court of New Jersey, Appellate Division (published opinion, Docket No. A-0639-20; on appeal from the Law Division, Sussex County, L-0388-20), JWC Fitness, LLC v. Murphy, No. A-0639-20 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. Oct. 18, 2021) (approved for publication) (Ex. DUT-NJ-013)
Intermediate Court of Appeals of the State of Hawaii (published opinion), For Our Rights v. Ige, No. CAAP-21-0000024, Opinion of the Court (Haw. Ct. App. Feb. 25, 2022) (for publication) (Ex. DUT-HI-016)
Louisiana Legislature (codified in the Louisiana Revised Statutes), La. R.S. 29:769 (special powers during a state of public health emergency; control of property) (standing) (Ex. DUT-LA-008)
Vermont General Assembly (Title 18, chapter 11, Local Health Officials), 18 V.S.A. sec. 602a (Duties of local health officers) (standing) (Ex. DUT-VT-008)
Vermont General Assembly (Title 20, chapter 1), 20 V.S.A. sec. 24 (Penalties) (standing) (Ex. DUT-VT-012)
New Jersey Legislature (L.1942, c. 251, as amended); compilation published by the New Jersey Office of Emergency Management (Division of State Police, Department of Law and Public Safety), Civilian Defense and Disaster Control Act, N.J.S.A. App. A:9-33 to -63, including A:9-34 (emergency powers), A:9-40 (duty of officials to cooperate; no rule at variance), A:9-45 (orders, rules and regulations 'binding upon each and every person within this State'), A:9-49 (violations as disorderly conduct; penalty), A:9-50 (aiding or abetting), A:9-51 (extraordinary emergencies) (standing) (Ex. DUT-NJ-006)
Arizona Legislature (Arizona Revised Statutes, title 26, ch. 2, art. 1, Emergency Management), Statute (standing) (Ex. DUT-AZ-006)
Supreme Court of Minnesota (Moore, III, J.; Anderson, J., concurring; Procaccini, J., took no part), Snell v. Walz, No. A21-0626 (Minn. May 10, 2024), 6 N.W.3d 458 (standing) (Ex. DUT-MN-018)
Louisiana Legislature (codified in the Louisiana Revised Statutes), La. R.S. 40:4 (Sanitary Code) (standing) (Ex. DUT-LA-001)
Oklahoma Legislature (Senate Bill 672, 1st Sess., 60th Leg.; enrolled), Enrolled Senate Bill No. 672 (2025) (standing) (Ex. DUT-OK-020)
Connecticut General Assembly (Conn. Gen. Stat. chapter 517, Civil Preparedness and Emergency Services), Conn. Gen. Stat. § 28-9 (Governor's powers in a civil preparedness or public health emergency; orders have the full force and effect of law) and § 28-22 (penalty) (standing) (Ex. DUT-CT-003)
Illinois General Assembly (Illinois Emergency Management Agency Act), 20 ILCS 3305/18 (Orders, Rules and Regulations) (standing) (Ex. DUT-IL-018)
Kentucky General Assembly (KRS ch. 39A), KRS 39A.100 (standing) (Ex. DUT-KY-017)
Alaska State Legislature (codified statute administered by the Department of Health and Social Services), AS 18.15.355 - 18.15.395 (standing) (Ex. DUT-AK-001)
Alaska State Legislature (Alaska Disaster Act; administered by the Department of Military and Veterans' Affairs, AS 26.23.220), AS 26.23.020 and AS 26.23.025 (standing) (Ex. DUT-AK-002)
California Legislature (codified text published by the Legislative Counsel), Statute: Government Code sections 8565-8574.7 (Emergency Services Act, Article 3, Powers of the Governor) (standing) (Ex. DUT-CA-005)
California Legislature (codified text published by the Legislative Counsel), Statute: Government Code sections 8625-8629 (Emergency Services Act, Article 13, State of Emergency) (standing) (Ex. DUT-CA-006)
California Legislature (codified text published by the Legislative Counsel), Statute: Government Code sections 8630-8634 (Emergency Services Act, Article 14, Local Emergency) (standing) (Ex. DUT-CA-008)
Delaware General Assembly (codified statute), 20 Del. C. §§ 3121-3130 (Orders, rules and regulations; Enforcement; Penalties; Immunity from civil liability) (standing) (Ex. DUT-DE-002)
Illinois General Assembly (Illinois Emergency Management Agency Act), 20 ILCS 3305/7 (Emergency Powers of the Governor) (standing) (Ex. DUT-IL-002)
Illinois General Assembly (Illinois Emergency Management Agency Act), 20 ILCS 3305/19 (Utilization of Existing Agency, Facilities, and Personnel) (standing) (Ex. DUT-IL-015)
General Court (codified statute administered by the Commissioner of Public Health), G.L. c. 17, s. 2A (standing) (Ex. DUT-MA-001)
Montana Legislature (Montana Code Annotated, Title 10, ch. 3), Mont. Code Ann. 10-3-104 (standing) (Ex. DUT-MT-008)
Montana Legislature (Montana Code Annotated, Title 10, ch. 3), Mont. Code Ann. 10-3-103 (standing) (Ex. DUT-MT-009)
Legislative Assembly of North Dakota (codified statute administered by the State Department of Health, since 2022 the Department of Health and Human Services), N.D.C.C. 23-01-03, 23-01-04, 23-01-05 (standing) (Ex. DUT-ND-001)
Legislative Assembly of North Dakota (codified statute; powers exercised by Governor Doug Burgum under Executive Order 2020-03), N.D.C.C. 37-17.1-05 (with 37-17.1-10 for local declarations) (standing) (Ex. DUT-ND-005)
Oklahoma Legislature (Oklahoma Public Health Code, administered by the State Board of Health and the State Department of Health), 63 O.S. 1-502 (standing) (Ex. DUT-OK-001)
Oregon Legislative Assembly (codified text published by the Office of the Legislative Counsel, 2025 Edition), Statute: ORS chapter 401 (Emergency Management and Services), the emergency-management act: declaration of a state of emergency (401.165); the Governor's police powers (401.168); rules and orders on commodities, services, industrial plants, labor and child care (401.188); the force of law of emergency rules and orders (401.192); the offense of violating them (401.990) (standing) (Ex. DUT-OR-004)
South Dakota Legislature (codified statute administered by the Department of Health), SDCL ch. 34-22, Contagious Disease Control (§§ 34-22-5, 34-22-9, 34-22-14, 34-22-17, 34-22-18, 34-22-18.1, 34-22-41 to 34-22-44) (standing) (Ex. DUT-SD-001)
South Dakota Legislature (codified statute administered by the Governor and the Department of Public Safety), SDCL ch. 34-48A, Emergency Management (§§ 34-48A-1, 34-48A-2, 34-48A-5, 34-48A-9, 34-48A-49) (standing) (Ex. DUT-SD-006)
Wyoming Legislature; published by the Wyoming Legislative Service Office (LSO), Wyoming Statutes, Title 19 (Defense Forces and Affairs), complete official LSO publication (standing) (Ex. DUT-WY-011)
New York State Legislature (Public Health Law, article 1, title 2), N.Y. Public Health Law § 12 (violations of health laws or regulations; penalties and injunctions) (standing) (Ex. DUT-NY-001)
Legislature of Alabama (Alabama Emergency Management Act of 1955, Code of Alabama 1975, Title 31, chapter 9, article 1), Ala. Code § 31-9-6(1) (standing) (Ex. DUT-AL-011)
Legislature of Alabama (Alabama Emergency Management Act of 1955), Ala. Code § 31-9-13 (standing) (Ex. DUT-AL-013)
Legislature of Alabama (Alabama Emergency Management Act of 1955), Ala. Code § 31-9-22 (standing) (Ex. DUT-AL-014)
General Assembly of Georgia (Georgia Emergency Management Act; Ga. L. 1951, p. 224, as amended through Ga. L. 2011, p. 701 (HB 339) and later), O.C.G.A. section 38-3-51 (standing) (Ex. DUT-GA-007)
Louisiana Legislature (codified in the Louisiana Revised Statutes), La. R.S. 29:766 (declaration of a state of public health emergency; emergency powers of the governor) (standing) (Ex. DUT-LA-007)
Louisiana Legislature (codified in the Louisiana Revised Statutes, Title 14, Criminal Law), La. R.S. 14:329.6 (proclamation of state of emergency; conditions therefor; effect thereof) (standing) (Ex. DUT-LA-009)
Louisiana Legislature (codified in the Louisiana Revised Statutes), La. R.S. 29:727 (parish homeland security and emergency preparedness agencies; local disaster or emergency declarations; powers of the parish president) (standing) (Ex. DUT-LA-016)
Louisiana Legislature (codified in the Louisiana Revised Statutes), La. R.S. 29:761 (Louisiana Health Emergency Powers Act; purposes) (standing) (Ex. DUT-LA-017)
Maryland General Assembly (Public Safety Article, Title 14, Subtitle 1, Emergency Management), Statute (standing) (Ex. DUT-MD-005)
Minnesota Legislature (Minnesota Emergency Management Act of 1996, Minn. Stat. ch. 12, as amended), Minn. Stat. ch. 12 (2020), Emergency Management (standing) (Ex. DUT-MN-006)
General Assembly of North Carolina, N.C. Gen. Stat. sec. 166A-19.30 (Additional powers of the Governor during state of emergency) (standing) (Ex. DUT-NC-003)
General Assembly of North Carolina, N.C. Gen. Stat. sec. 14-288.20A (Violation of emergency prohibitions and restrictions) (standing) (Ex. DUT-NC-004)
Nebraska Legislature, Neb. Rev. Stat. § 81-829.57 (standing) (Ex. DUT-NE-009)
Nebraska Legislature, Neb. Rev. Stat. § 81-829.64 (standing) (Ex. DUT-NE-010)
Legislature of New Mexico (All Hazard Emergency Management Act), NMSA 1978, Sections 12-10-4 (powers of the governor) and 12-10-10 (Enforcement of executive orders and rules) (standing) (Ex. DUT-NM-006)
New York State Legislature (Public Health Law, article 1, title 2), N.Y. Public Health Law § 12-b (wilful violation of health laws) (standing) (Ex. DUT-NY-002)
New York State Legislature (Public Health Law, article 2, title 1); Commissioner of Health, N.Y. Public Health Law § 206 (Commissioner; general powers and duties) (standing) (Ex. DUT-NY-004)
New York State Legislature (Executive Law, article 2-B); powers exercised by the chief executive of every county, city, town and village, N.Y. Executive Law § 24 (local state of emergency; local emergency orders by chief executive) (standing) (Ex. DUT-NY-011)
Rhode Island General Assembly (codified statute administered by the Rhode Island Department of Health), R.I. Gen. Laws § 23-1-1 (standing) (Ex. DUT-RI-001)
Rhode Island General Assembly (power vested in the Governor and the Director of Health), R.I. Gen. Laws § 23-8-18 (standing) (Ex. DUT-RI-007)
Rhode Island General Assembly (power vested in the Governor), R.I. Gen. Laws § 30-15-7 (standing) (Ex. DUT-RI-009)
Rhode Island General Assembly, R.I. Gen. Laws § 30-15-21 (standing) (Ex. DUT-RI-010)
Tennessee General Assembly (codified statute); exercised by the Governor, Tenn. Code Ann. sec. 58-2-107 (standing) (Ex. DUT-TN-006)
Vermont General Assembly (Title 18, chapter 3), 18 V.S.A. sec. 130 (Civil enforcement) (standing) (Ex. DUT-VT-003)
Vermont General Assembly (Title 18, chapter 3), 18 V.S.A. sec. 131 (Criminal penalty) (standing) (Ex. DUT-VT-004)
Washington State Legislature, RCW 43.06.010(12) (standing) (Ex. DUT-WA-008)
Washington State Legislature, RCW 38.52.150 (standing) (Ex. DUT-WA-009)
Wisconsin Legislature (codified statute; exercised by the Governor), Wis. Stat. § 323.12 (2019-20), Powers and duties of the governor (standing) (Ex. DUT-WI-005)
Wyoming Legislature (Wyo. Stat. Title 19, ch. 13, Wyoming Homeland Security Act), Wyo. Stat. Ann. 19-13-104 and 19-13-116 (standing) (Ex. DUT-WY-012)
